Introduction

Welcome to Bio 193 and Bio 194 laboratory portion of the course. The laboratory sessions are designed to augment the theory instruction by providing hands-on experiences through videos of processes, computer simulations, dissections of sheep and fetal pig organs, and examination of human torsos. To maximize your learning, you must actively participate in each of the lab sessions. You are required to read the exercise material in the laboratory manual and hand-outs prior to the laboratory session. Quizzes over the laboratory material will be given at the discretion of the instructor. Past experience shows that students who actively work in the laboratory session gain a lot more than those that stand-back or do not participate.

BIO 193 and 194 Laboratory Safety Rules

STATEMENT ON LABORATORY SAFETY: Any behavior that would endanger yourself, others, or laboratory property will result in removal from the lab and possibly the course. Removing any substance from the laboratory without the written permission of the instructor is expressly forbidden and will be treated as theft. Many chemicals and instruments you will use could be dangerous if misused, so please use common sense and respect in your behavior. Some basic rules dictated by law and insurance agencies apply in the lab at all times

1. NO FOOD or DRINK of any kind (inc. GUM and TOBACCO products)

2. NO SMOKING

3. NO HORSEPLAY

4. WEAR CLOSE TOED SHOES AND LONG PANTS

5. Know the location of the first aid kit, fire extinguisher, and eye wash.

6. If the fire alarm sounds or if you detect smoke, it is important to evacuate the building quickly.

Also, the following rules apply in order to preserve the equipment and the laboratory cleanliness

Ø Read all labels and laboratory procedures carefully. DO NOT USE ANYTHING FROM AN ULABELED CONTAINER.

Ø ALWAYS NOTIFY THE INSTRUCTOR if something does not work, or IF AN INJURY HAS TAKEN PLACE, no matter how small.

Ø Keep your work area neat, clean and organized.

Ø PUT ALL TRASH IN TRASH CANS, NOT IN SINKS OR DRAWERS!

Ø Discard all hazardous waste materials (anything with BLOOD or other bodily fluids) in a biohazard container.

Ø Discard all broken glass and broken scalpel blades in the "sharps" container. NO OTHER MATERIALS SHOULD BE PLACED IN THE SHARPS CONTAINERS.

Ø ALWAYS CLEAN EQUIPMENT or SUPPLIES that you use BEFORE YOU ARE DONE WITH THEM.

Ø Return laboratory equipment to the designated area.

The Center for Disease Control recommends the following "Universal Precautions" to reduce the risk of exposure to blood-borne pathogens.

All health-care workers should use appropriate barrier precautions to prevent skin and mucous membrane exposure when contact with blood or other body fluids is anticipated.
1. Gloves should be worn, then changed after contact.
2. Masks and protective eyewear or face shields should be worn during procedures that are likely to generate droplets of blood or other body fluids to prevent exposure of mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and eyes.
3. Gowns or aprons should be worn during procedures that are likely to generate splashes of blood or other body fluids.
4. Remove all protective clothing before leaving the laboratory.
Hands and other skin surfaces should be washed immediately if contaminated with blood or other body fluids. Hands should be washed immediately after gloves are removed.
To prevent injuries from needles, needles should not be recapped, purposely bent or broken by hand, removed from disposable syringes, or otherwise manipulated by hand. After use, all needles and sharp instruments (scalpel blades, syringes, etc.) should be placed immediately in a puncture-resistant container.
Anyone with open skin lesions should not participate in lab.

Reasons for dissection:

To observe three dimensional relationships between structures.
To observe the complexity of an intact body, skin, various connective tissues, nerves, blood vessels and organs.
To identify and expose organs yourself rather than have nicely cleaned samples from a mannequ

Questions:

Why is the fetal pig used for dissection?
Identify ways to determine the sex of the pig, Sketch the incision to be made for a male; a female.
What directional terminology does not apply to the fetal pig?

Dissection Safety
Proper safety procedures when working with dissection tools and specimens is of greatest importance. Some safety rules to engage in when dissecting specimens are as follows.

Dissection Safety Rules

Follow all instructions given by your teacher.
Inform your teacher of any illness as a result of exposure to chemicals used in specimen preparation.
Avoid contact with preservative chemicals. Rinse the specimens completely before dissection.
Know where the eye-wash fountain is if needed.
Wear safety goggles to prevent the splashing of any chemicals into the eyes.
Properly mount dissection specimens to dissecting pan. Do not dissect a specimen while holding it.
Handle scalpel or razor blade (safety edged) with extreme care.
Always cut away from your body and away from others.
Never ingest specimen parts.
Never remove specimens or specimen parts from the classroom -- until the dissection is completed all parts of the dissection must remain within the dissecting pan.
Properly dispose of dissected materials.
Store specimens in as directed by your teacher.
Clean up the work area and return all equipment to the proper place when the dissection is completed.
Wash hands after each dissection.

Dissection Equipment

	Needel probe
	Blunt probe
	Replaceable blade scalpel
	Forceps
	Dissecting scissors
	Dissecting pins

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS):

Federal law requires that written information regarding hazardous chemicals used in lab be available to all students and employees. MSDS sheets are provided to STCC by the manufacturer of the chemicals we use and are available in each lab. The MSDS information includes:

Ø Common and chemical name of any ingredient found in a concentration greater then 1% that poses a health hazard

Ø Health hazards and routes of bodily entry of hazardous materials

Ø Safe use and handling instructions

Ø Procedures for cleaning up a spill or leak

Ø Proper emergency first aid

Ø Date of preparation, name, address, and telephone number of whoever is responsible for preparing and distributing the MSDS

Hazardous Material Labeling

All containers of hazardous materials must be labeled in accordance with Federal and State regulations. Hazardous material labels must:

Ø Identify the hazardous material/chemical

Ø Include appropriate hazard warning

Ø List the name and address of the manufacturer or other responsible party

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Labels

This label is required on all containers. It consists of four color-coded sections, each of which contains a numerical code. The color is used to designate the type of risk and the numerical code is used to designate the level of risk.

Health Hazard (Blue)

4 Extreme Highly toxic-short term exposure may be fatal. Special

protective equipment is required.

3 Serious Toxic-avoid inhalation or skin contact. Can cause serious injury on

short exposure.

2 Moderate Moderately toxic-may be harmful if inhaled or absorbed. Can

cause temporary incapacitation or injury with out prompt medical

attention.

1 Slight Slightly toxic-may cause slight irritation and can cause minor

residual injury.

0 Minimal All chemicals have some degree of toxicity.

Flammability Hazard (Red)

4 Extreme Extremely Flammable-flash point below 73⁰ F.

3 Serious Flammable-Flash point 73⁰ F to 100⁰ F

2 Moderate Combustible-Requires moderate heating to ignite. Flash point 100⁰ F to

200⁰ F

1 Slight Slightly combustible-Requires strong heating to ignite.

0 Minimal Will not burn under normal condition.

Reactivity/Instability Hazard (Yellow)

4 Extreme Materials that are readily explosive at room temperature and pressure.

3 Serious May explode if shocked, heated under confinement or mixed with water.

2 Moderate Materials that are normally unstable, may react with water, but do not

detonate.

1 Slight Materials that are normally stable, but may react if heated or mixed with

water, but not violently.

0 Minimal Normally stable, does not react with water.

Special Hazards (White)

W-Water Reactive Substance is highly reactive with water.

OXY-Oxidizer Substance reacts violently with air or under gas explosive

decompression.

AIR-Air Reactive Substance is highly reactive with air.

Radioactive Substance is radioactive.

Cancer Causing Substance is carcinogenic.

Health Hazards:

Toxicity: Poisonous or causes cancer

Irritant: Irritates tissue or membrane, causes rash or itching

Corrosive: Attacks skin, severe burning.

**Most burning occurs when a substance is in the gaseous state. Any substance that exists as a gas or vapor will burn more readily than a liquid. Liquids that are volatile (change to gas readily) will ignite easily.